| 1. Nanotechnology in clinical diagnosis and treatment |
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| Enhanced Solubilization of Drugs |
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Path of Ingested Drugs through the Blood Flow |
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Why is Solubility Important? |
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Ostwald Ripening |
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Noyes Whitman Formula for Drug Dissolution |
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Effect of Nanonization on Drug Dissolution Rate |
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Effect of Aggregation or Coating |
| Attrition |
| Precipitation |
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Emulsification |
| Transdermal Delivery of Drugs | |
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Structure of the Skin |
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Skin Behaves Normally as a Barrier |
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Mechanism of Delivery Across the Skin |
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Dendrimers |
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Iontophoresis |
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Ultrasound Techniques |
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Microneedles |
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Electroporation |
| Passing of Drugs through the Blood Brain Barrier | |
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Particularities of the Blood Brain Barrier |
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Methods for Transport across the BBB |
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The Efflux System and Drug Delivery |
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Lipophilization |
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Functionalization Strategies |
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Weakening of the BBB |
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Nanoparticle based Delivery |
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Nanoliposome based Delivery |
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Nano-micelle based Delivery |
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Cancer Imaging and Treatment |
| Positrong Emission Tomography | |
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Introduction |
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Advantages |
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Radiotracers' Production |
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Detection of Positron Emission |
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2D Technique |
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3D Technique |
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Static Technique |
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PET-CT |
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MR-PET |
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General Applications |
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18F[FDG] Applications |
| MRI Nanoparticle Contrast Agents | |
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Introduction |
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Relaxation Times |
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T1 Relaxation and Gd-based Contrast Agents |
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T2 Relaxation and Superparamagnetic Contrast Agents |
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Imaging of Gene Expression |
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Optimization of Molecular Parameters |
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Activable Contrast Agents |
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Proton Density Contrast Agents |
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Real Time Studies of Cell Death |
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Imaging of Cell Migration |
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Imaging of Atherosclerotic Plate |
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pH Monitoring |
| NanoSQUIDS for Detection of Biological Magnetic Fields | |
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Introduction |
| The Josephson Effect |
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Flux Quantization |
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Is Squid the Most Sensitive Magnetometer |
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DC SQUID |
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RF SQUID |
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CNT SQUID |
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Magnetoencephalography |
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Magnetocardiography |
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Assesing Performance of Magneto - Optical Sensors |
| Nanotechnology Enabled Vaccines | |
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Introduction |
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Structure of the Immune System |
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Antigen Presenting Cells |
| Principle of Genetic Vaccines |
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Structure of Nano-Enabled Vaccines |
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Advantages |
| Double Solvent Evaporation Method |
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Electrodeposition of Multi-Component Nanowires |
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Synthesis of Cationic Nano-particles |
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Cancer Therapy |
| Magnetic Hyperthermia | |
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Types of Hyperthermia |
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Multi-domain Particles |
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Single-domain Particles |
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Nanoparticles Localize Better in Tumors |
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Nanoparticle Hyperthermia and Deep Lymph Nodes |
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Controlled Drug Release and Hyperthermia |
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Ferritin Mediated Hyperthermia |
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Treatment of Prostate Cancer in Humans |
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Hyperthermia Induced Tissue Fusion |
| Toxicology of Nanostructures | |
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Types of Nanostructures Currently Produced |
| Body Distribution of Nano-particles |
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Absorption into Lungs is Size Dependant |
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Clearance or Nano-particles from Lungs |
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Translocation along Axons and Dendrites |
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Bioactivity of Particles is Surface Area Dependant |
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Localization in Mitochondria |
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Creation of Reactive Oxygen Species |
| 2. Methods for single molecule or intracellular analysis |
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| Confocal Microscopy | |
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Introduction |
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Confocal Principle |
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Scanning |
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Resolution |
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Optical Sectioning |
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Multiphoton Excitation Microscopy |
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Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy |
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Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy |
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Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy |
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3D Images |
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Single Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy |
| Surface Plasmon Resonance | |
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Young Interference with SPPs |
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Basic SPR Experiment |
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Techniques |
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Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy |
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Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscopy |
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SPR Biosensing |
| Magnetic Tweezers | |
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Introduction |
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Advantages |
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Principle of Functioning |
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Force Extension of Supercoiled DNA |
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Stretching of DNA |
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DNA Unzipping |
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RNA Polymerase |
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Topoisomerase |
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Mechanical Interaction with Cells |
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Characterization of F1-ATPase |
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Microfluidic Applications |
| AFM for Bionanotechnology | |
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Introduction |
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Force Curves |
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AFM Tips |
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High Speed AFM |
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Stretching of Single Molecules |
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Elastical Properties of Polymer Capsules |
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Coupled Molecular Motors in Yeast? |
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Cooperative Binding of Topoisomerase on DNA |
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Detection of Extracellular ATP in Living Cells |
| Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy | |
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Introduction |
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Specific Parameters |
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Experimental Set-up |
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Theoretical Background |
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Dual-color Cross-correlation FCS |
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Total Internal Reflection FCS |
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X-Ray FCS |
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Single Molecule FCS |
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Spatial and Time - Correlated Techniques |
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Translational and Rotational Diffusion |
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Binding Assay |
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Conformal Changes |
| Fluorescence Anisotropy | |
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Introduction |
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Polarization Principle |
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Jablonski Diagram |
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Fluorescence Anisotropy |
| Rotational Dynamics |
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Time - Resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy Imaging |
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Single Molecule Fluorescence Anisotropy |
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Anisotropy FLIM |
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Protein Dynamics |
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Binding Assay |
| Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching | |
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Introduction |
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Experimental Principle |
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Specific Parameters |
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Two-color FRAP |
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Fluorescence Loss in Photobleaching |
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Inverse FRAP |
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Cycling of Lipid Raft Markers |
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Photobleached Fluorescence Visualization |
| Fluorescence Resonant Energy Transfer | |
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Introduction |
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FRET Phenomenom |
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Distribution |
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Conformational Changes |
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Intermolecular Interactions |
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Time-Resolved FRET |
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FRET Using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging |
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Three-Color FRET |
| Immunoassays |
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DNA Sequencing |
| Green Fluorescence Protein | |
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Introduction |
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Structural Characteristics |
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Spectral Characteristics |
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Blue Fluorescent Protein |
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Cyan Fluorescent Protein |
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Yellow Fluorescent Protein |
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Two - Photon Excitation |
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Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching |
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Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy |
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Bioluminiscence Resonance Energy Transfer |
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Gene Expression in Living Cells |
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GFP in Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer |
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Cool Applications |
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Neuronal Gymnastics |
| Fluidic Nanopumps | |
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Pressure Driven Pumping inside Nanochannels |
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Cavitation Microstreaming |
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Electrical Double - Layer |
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DC EOF |
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AC EOF |
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Control of the Surface Charge |
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Fluorescent Trackers |
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Caged Fluorescence |
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Current Monitoring |
| Particle Separations with Microfluidic Devices | |
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H Filter |
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T Sensor |
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Self-assembled Sieving Arrays |
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Pinched Flow Fractionation |
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Flow Line Particle Sorter |
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Brownian Ratchets |
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Entropic Traps |
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Sieving Matrix DNA Sorter |
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Ion Exclusion Effects in Nanochannels |
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Electro-osmotic Separations in Nanochannels |
